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Healthy city is a term used in
Healthy Cities and urban governance.
Copenhagen: WHO Europe. An alternative term is Healthy Communities, or ''Municipios saludables'' in parts of Latin America.
Healthy Cities: urban social entrepreneurship for health.
''Health Promotion International'' 1999; 14(3): 261-270.
Healthy cities: a guide to the literature.
''Environment and Urbanization'', 11(1), April 1999. *Boonekamp GMM et al
Healthy Cities Evaluation: the co-ordinators perspective.
''Health Promotion International'' 14(2): 103, 1999.
Special Supplement on European Healthy Cities.
''Health Promotion International'', Volume 24, Supplement 1, November 2009. * J Ashton, P Grey, K Barnard
Healthy cities — WHO's New Public Health initiative.
''Health Promotion International'', 1(3): 319-324, 1986. *
The Health City
{{Land-use planning, CTM Environmental social science concepts Public health World Health Organization Environment by city
Healthy city is a term used in public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the det ...
and urban design
Urban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban de ...
to stress the impact of policy on human health
Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".World Health Organization. (2006)''Constitution of the World Health Organiza ...
. It is a municipality that continually improves on a physical and a social level until environmental and pathological conditions are reached establishing an acceptable morbidity rate for the population. Its modern form derives from a World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of h ...
(WHO) initiative on Healthy Cities and Villages in 1986, but has a history dating back to the mid 19th century. The term was developed in conjunction with the European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
, but rapidly became international as a way of establishing healthy public policy at the local level through health promotion
Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."
Scope
The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Healt ...
. It emphasises the multi-dimensionality of health
Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".World Health Organization. (2006)''Constitution of the World Health Organiza ...
as laid out in WHO's constitution and, more recently, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is the name of an international agreement signed at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and held in Ottawa, Canada, in November 1986.Wor ...
.World Health OrganizatioHealthy Cities and urban governance.
Copenhagen: WHO Europe. An alternative term is Healthy Communities, or ''Municipios saludables'' in parts of Latin America.
Approaches
Many jurisdictions which have healthy community programmes and cities can apply to become a WHO-designated "Healthy City". WHO defines the Healthy City as:"one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential."Measuring the indices required, establishing standards and determining the impact of each component on health is difficult. In some regions such as Europe, a health impact assessment is a required piece of
public policy
Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs. Public p ...
development.
There are many networks of healthy cities, including in Europe and internationally, such as the Alliance for Healthy Cities The Alliance for Healthy Cities (AFHC) is a cooperative international alliance aimed at protecting and enhancing the health and health care of city dwellers. It is composed of groups of cities, urban districts and other organizations from countrie ...
. A key feature is ensuring that the social determinants of health are taken into consideration in urban design and urban governance. For example, "urbanization
Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly t ...
and health" was the theme of the 2010 World Health Day
World Health Day is a global health awareness day celebrated every year on 7 April, under the sponsorship of the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as other related organizations.
In 1948, the WHO held the First World Health Assembly. ...
. One tool in developing healthy cities is social entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship is an approach by individuals, groups, start-up companies or entrepreneurs, in which they develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. This concept may be applied to a wide range of o ...
.Evelyne de LeeuwHealthy Cities: urban social entrepreneurship for health.
''Health Promotion International'' 1999; 14(3): 261-270.
See also
* 15 minute city *Carfree city
A carfree city is a population center that relies primarily on public transport, walking, or cycling for transport within the urban area.
Districts where motorized vehicles are prohibited are referred to as carfree zones.
Carfree city models have ...
*Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
Co-benefits of climate change mitigation are the positive benefits related to mitigation measures which reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance carbon sinks. The beneficial or adverse impacts of deploying climate-change mitigation measures ar ...
*Health promotion
Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."
Scope
The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Healt ...
**Alliance for Healthy Cities The Alliance for Healthy Cities (AFHC) is a cooperative international alliance aimed at protecting and enhancing the health and health care of city dwellers. It is composed of groups of cities, urban districts and other organizations from countrie ...
*
*
*
*Primary health care
Primary health care, or PHC, refers to "essential health care" that is based on scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology. This makes universal health care accessible to all individuals and families in a community. PHC in ...
** Health for all
*Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the det ...
*
*Social influences on fitness behavior
Physical fitness is maintained by a range of physical activities. Physical activity is defined by the World Health Organization as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure." Human factors and social infl ...
*
* Urban vitality
Urban vitality is the quality of those spaces in cities that are capable of attracting heterogeneous people for different types of activities throughout varied time schedules. The areas of the city with high vitality are perceived as alive, live ...
*Zero-carbon city
A zero-carbon city is a goal of city planners that can be variously defined. In a narrower sense of energy production and use, a zero-carbon city is one that generates as much or more carbon-free sustainable energy as it uses.
In a broader sense of ...
References
Further reading
*Kenzer MHealthy cities: a guide to the literature.
''Environment and Urbanization'', 11(1), April 1999. *Boonekamp GMM et al
Healthy Cities Evaluation: the co-ordinators perspective.
''Health Promotion International'' 14(2): 103, 1999.
Special Supplement on European Healthy Cities.
''Health Promotion International'', Volume 24, Supplement 1, November 2009. * J Ashton, P Grey, K Barnard
Healthy cities — WHO's New Public Health initiative.
''Health Promotion International'', 1(3): 319-324, 1986. *
External links
The Health City
{{Land-use planning, CTM Environmental social science concepts Public health World Health Organization Environment by city